PHOTO CREDIT: Above photo by John Rickman Photography, San Jose, California.

In the Middle East

• Dancers Alphabetized by First Name
• Historic Landmarks
• Photo Galleries
• Advertisements and Flyers
• Movie Advertisements
• The Working World
• History & Folkloric Foundations
• Society

Through Foreign Eyes

• Society
• Media
• Knowledge
• Product Reviews
• Dance Styles

• Amina Mohamed
• Badia Masabni
• Bamba Kashar
• Beba Ezz el-Din
• Beba Ibrahim
• Dawlath Soliman
• Dina
• Ensaf Rushdie
• Fairouz Arteen (Child Star)
• Fifi Abdo
• Gawaher
• Hekmet Fahmy
• Hind Rostom
• Houriya Mohamed
• Imtithal Fawzy
• Isaac Dickson
• Ismail Yassin
• Kuchuk Hanem
• Layla el-3amriya (also known as Layla el-Chakraa, "the Blonde Layla", and Juliet Masabni)
• Lucy

• Mahmoud el-Meligy
• Mary Ezz el-Din
• Mary Mansour
• Nabaweya Moustafa
• Naemet Mokhtar
• Nagwa Fouad
• Naima Akef
• Ratiba Rushdie
• Safiya Helmi
• Samia Gamal
• Shafiqa el-Koptiyya
• Soheir Zaki
• Tahia Carioca
• Zeinat Olwi
• Zouba el-Klobatiyya

The above names reference the primary dancers featured in articles and photos. To see a more detailed list that include also-mentioned artists, see the Personalities of Belly Dance History Index to Resources.

Amina Mohamed

• Amina Mohamed in a Snake Dance. Magazine photo from 1933 and translated caption.

Badia Masabni

Biographical

• The Life of Badia Masabni. 14-part article by Tarek Hasham, translated by Priscilla Adum.
  • Part 1, Queen of Misery. Her early childhood in Syria and Argentina.
  • Part 2, Unlimited Pain. Badia's return to Syria (after Argentina) and her move to Lebanon with her mother.
  • Part 3, Thwarted Marriages. How Badia's family thwarted two marriage opportunities for Badia and made her live in squalor.
  • Part 4, First Time in a Theater. Badia finally arrives in Egypt to pursue her dream of being an actress.
  • Part 5, The First Big Break. Badia continues to develop her acting skills in Egypt, then moves to Beirut.
  • Part 6, Pain in Damascus. Badia's career change from acting to singing and dancing, and her rise to stardom in Beirut.
  • Part 7, Beloved of the Public. Badia's continued stardom in Syria and Lebanon, her illness with smallpox, and the death of her mother.
  • Part 8, The Seeker of Love. Badia continues her singing and dancing career, adopts a daughter, and deals with man troubles.
  • Part 9, Crazy About Badia. In this segment, Badia continues her career as a singer and dancer in Syria, Lebanon, Palestine, and Egypt.
  • Part 10, Naguib el-Rihani. Badia finds new fame as an actress with Naguib el-Rihani's troupe in Egypt.
  • Part 11, Marriage to Naguib el-Rihani. Badia marries Naguib el-Rihani and moves on to the next chapter in her life.
  • Parts 12 through 14 will be added in the future.
• Historic Photos of Badia Masabni. Her career and her personal life. Collected by Priscilla Adum.
• Was Badia Masabni Lebanese or Syrian? Priscilla Adum settles the question by explaining how Middle Eastern people view origins.
• Celebrity Bare Backs of the Golden Era. Translated by Priscilla Adum. Photos of Badia and four other celebrity women.
• Tahia and Badia Feeding the Chickens. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Badia Masabni with Old Friends. Collected by Priscilla Adum. Badia poses for a 1966 photo at her dairy farm in Lebanon with her longtime Egyptian and Lebanese celebrity friends.

Badia the Club Owner

• Badia Masabni: The Lady and Her Clubs. By Priscilla Adum. About Badia's career as a club owner in Egypt.
• Badia Masabni's Years as a Club Owner: A Timeline. From opening Sala Badia in 1926 through selling Casino Opera in 1950.
• Badia Masabni: Fish of the Month. George Sawa explains how the word "fish" is used in Arabic to compliment a dancer.
• The Blind Bridge and the English Bridge. About the bridges mentioned in the advertisements for Badia's summer clubs in Giza.
• Badia Masabni: Bada3da3. Badia Masabni takes her show on the road, as reported by a 1933 issue of Al Aroussa Magazine.
• Badia Masabni on El Sabah Magazine Cover. Badia was featured on the cover of El Sabah magazine in 1933.
• Badia Masabni on Cover of Kawakeb Magazine. Badia was featured on the cover of Kawakeb magazine in 1933.
• From Badia's at El Giza to Rode El Farag: Backstage At The Summer Casinos. Gossipy article about what dancers in the 1930's nightclub scene in Egypt said and did backstage. Includes gossip about the dancers at Badia's Blind Bridge Casino. Probably early 1930's.
• Badia Masabni's Dancers in 1935. Group photo of dancers who were Badia's cast in 1935.
• Badia Masabni's Dancers and the Stage Names of Actresses. Group photo of performers at Badia Masabni's club in the early 1930's. Also a short paragraph about stage names in Egypt.
• Badia Masabni Fights Back Against the Competition. Badia prepares a new show with her star entertainers.
• Badia Masabni Satirizes the Hollywood Stars. Badia and her dancers mock the Hollywood fashion of women wearing pants.
• Artists and Journalists at Badia's. Translated by Priscilla Adum. A review of the new show in 1938 Badia planned to present for her comeback to the theater.
• Three Hours at Badia Casino's Program. Magazine review of one of the shows presented at Badia's Casino.
• 1940 Newspaper Story About the Gala Opening of Cinema Opera. Badia's theater troupe performed for the opening of this movie theater.

Interviews

• Badia Masabni Segment of 1928 Interview with Nagib el-Rehani. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Badia Masabni December 3, 1938 Newspaper Interview. Translated by Priscilla Adum. After Beba Ezz el-Din swindled Badia's nightclub away from her, Badia discusses plans to come back better than ever!
• How Badia Masabni and Beba Ezz el-Din Learned to Dance. Translated by Priscilla Adum. 1930's interview with both dancers.
• 1966 Television Interview with Badia Masabni. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Badia Masabni remains a legend even today in Egyptian entertainment industry history.

Ads for Badia's Shows at Her Clubs

See the section below titled Advertisements and Flyers for translations of advertisements promoting shows at Badia Masabni's clubs.

Bamba Kashar

• Bamba Kashar: A Legend of Raqs Sharqi. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Aziza Amer: Producer of the First Egyptian Feature-Length Film. Translated by Priscilla Adum. Includes information about Bamba Kashar's role in that film.

Beba Ezz El-Din

Beba Ezz el-Din was a Lebanese dancer who worked at Badia's clubs.

• Badia Masabni: The Lady and Her Clubs. By Priscilla Adum. Includes details of Beba Ezz El-Din's relationship to Badia.
• Beba Ezz el-Din Wins Beauty Contest at Badia's Sala. 1933. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Beba Ezz el-Din Investigated for Theft, July 15, 1935. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• How Badia Masabni and Beba Ezz el-Din Learned to Dance. Translated by Priscilla Adum. 1930's interview with both dancers.
• 1933 El Sabah Movie Magazine Cover. Featured Beba Ezz el-Din.
• 1951 Newspaper Article About Death of Beba Ezz el-Din. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

See the section below titled Advertisements and Flyers for translations of advertisements promoting shows at Beba's clubs.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Bamba Kashar was one of the legendary dancers of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.

Beba Ibrahim

Beba Ibrahim was an Egyptian dancer who worked at Badia Masabni's club for a time.

• Farid al-Atrache and Beba Ibrahim. Translated by Priscilla Adum. How an affair got Beba fired from her job.

Dawlath Soliman

• Dawlath Soliman: Dancing with a Gunshot Wound.

Dina

• Dina Interviewed by Wael El Abrashy for 2 x 2 in September 2010. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Dina Interviewed by Wafaa el Kilany in October 2010, Responding to Criticism from Nagwa Fouad. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Dina Interviewed by a French Television Channel in January 2011, On the Release of Dina's Autobiography. Translated into by Priscilla Adum.
• Dina Interviewed in May 2011, "My Dancing Will Help Egypt Get Through Its Economic Crisis". Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Dina Says Farewell to Warda. Translated by Priscilla Adum. Dina pays her respects as Warda's coffin is transferred onto an airplane for her final journey home to Algeria.
• Dina Prevented from Dancing at a Wedding in October 2012. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Dina performs at the nightclub in the Semiramis hotel in February 2017.

Ensaf Rushdie

• Ensaf and Rateba Rushdie. On the cover of El Sabah Magazine. 1932.

See the section below titled Advertisements and Flyers for translations of advertisements promoting shows at the Rushdie Sisters' clubs.

Fairouz Arteen (Child Star)

• Fairouz the Movie Miracle: From Stardom to Obscurity. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Isaac Dickson: Dance Instructor to the Stars. By Priscilla Adum.
• Rest in Peace, Fairouz Arteen Kalevan. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

Fifi Abdo

• Fifi Abdo Admits She Is Jealous of Lebanese Women. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Fifi Abdo: "The Israelis Knelt Before Me." Translated by Priscilla Adum.

Gawaher

• Gawaher, Lebanese Golden-Era Dancer. 1956 interview about her retirement from stage and screen.

Hekmet Fahmy

• Hekmet Fahmy: Profile of a Spy. By Priscilla Adum.
• Hekmet Fahmy, The Spy. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Three Hours at Badia Casino's Program. Magazine review of one of the shows presented at Badia's Casino.

See the section below titled Advertisements and Flyers for advertisements from the 1930's promoting shows at Badia Masabni's clubs, because several of these featured Hekmet Fahmy.

Hind Rostum

• Hind Rostum Interviewed in 2010 by Mahmoud Sa3ad. She talks about show business and her family.
• Hind Rostum: A Great Loss to Egyptian Cinema & Dance. News story about Hind Rostum's August 2011 death. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

Houriya Mohamed

• Houriya Mohamed: Taheya Carioca's Arch-Rival. By Priscilla Adum. The competition, the cat fights, and the sabotage!

See the section below titled Advertisements and Flyers for advertisements from the 1930's - some promote shows featuring Houriya Mohamed.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Hind Rostum embraces Omar Sharif in a scene from a movie they made together.

Imtithal Fawzy

• Imtithal Fawzy: Extortion in the Golden Era. By Priscilla Adum.
• Imtithal Fawzy: The Murder of a Beautiful Dancer. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Casino El-Bosphore: The Search for a Murder Scene. By Priscilla Adum. Examines information about the club where Imtithal died, in a quest to pinpoint where it was.
• 1936 Advertisement for El Bosphore Under Mary Mansour and Imtithal Fawzy. Promoting a show that began eight days before Imtithal was murdered on her own stage.

See the section below titled Advertisements and Flyers for advertisements from the early 1930's promoting shows at Badia Masabni's clubs, because somel of these featured Imtithal Fawzy.

Isaac Dickson

• Isaac Dickson: Dance Instructor to the Stars. By Priscilla Adum.

Ismail Yassin

• The Comic and the Villain: Ismail Yassin and Mahmoud el Meligy. By Priscilla Adum.

Kuchuk Hanem

• The Dancer of Esna. By William H. Peck.

Layla el-3amriya

Her real name was Juliet Masabni, the adopted daughter of Badia Masabni. Also known as Layla el-Chakraa and the Blonde Layla.

• Badia Masabni's Dancers and the Stage Names of Actresses. Translated by Priscilla Adum. Group photo of performers at Badia Masabni's club in the early 1930's.
• The Seeker of Love. Tells of Badia Masabni adopting the child Juliet.

Lucy

• Lucy Interviewed by Inas el Degheidy in Ramadan 2010. Transcript translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Lucy Talks About Zouba el-Klobatiyya. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Lucy's Parisiana Club Destroyed in 2011. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

Mahmoud el-Meligy

• The Comic and the Villain: Ismail Yassin and Mahmoud el Meligy. By Priscilla Adum.

Mary Mansour

• Mary Mansour: The Club Owner Who Launched Careers. By Priscilla Adum. Photos and profile of her career.
• Casino El-Bosphore: The Search for a Murder Scene. By Priscilla Adum. Examines information about the club Mary co-owned with Imtithal Fawzy, in a quest to pinpoint where it was.

See the section below titled Advertisements and Flyers for two advertisements from the 1930's promoting shows at Mary Mansour's clubs.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Mary Mansour was a popular entertainer and club owner in Egypt in the 1920's and 1930's.

MaryEzz el-Din

• Mary Ezz el-Din: Casino Owner, Actress, and Singer. Profile by Priscilla Adum.

See the section below titled Advertisements and Flyers for three advertisements from the 1930's promoting shows at Mary Ezz el-Din's clubs.

Nabaweya Moustafa

• The Sebou (with Nabaweya Moustafa in a Movie Scene). By Priscilla Adum.

Naemet Mokhtar

• About Naemet Mokhtar. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Naemet Mokhtar Breaks 30 Years of Silence. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

Nagwa Fouad

• Nagwa Fouad Interviewed by Wael el-Abrashi in Ramadan 2010. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Nagwa Fouad poses in a publicity photo.

Naima Akef

• Three Nights I Will Never Forget. Naima Akef reminisces about her memorable moments. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Egypt's Golden Era Stars Comment on Liquor. Includes Naima Akef with a photo and quotable quote.

Ratiba Rushdie

• Ensaf and Rateba Rushdie. On the cover of El Sabah Magazine. 1932.
• 1930's Ad Promoting the Rushdie Sisters' Show in Asyut. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

Safiya Helmi

• Farewell to The El Gandoul Nightclub
  on El Haram Street. By Priscilla Adum. The destruction of a Golden Era nightclub.
• The Mystery of the Arcadia Nightclub. By Priscilla Adum. Why did articles in Arabic mention a club called The Arcadia, but local newspapers had no articles or ads about it?

Samia Gamal

• Samia Gamal Interviewed by Fouad Moawad in 1968. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Tahia Carioca Interviewed by Mona Gaabr and Samia Gamal Interviewed by Tarik Habib. Translated by Mahmoud Sami.
• Samia Gamal Inteviewed by Tarek Habib About Farid al-Atrache. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• "Samia Gamal Danced with Me in Her 60's". Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Historic Photos of Samia Gamal. Photo gallery. Collected by Priscilla Adum.
• Isaac Dickson: Dance Instructor to the Stars. By Priscilla Adum.
• Samia Gamal: Biographical Profile from Dahsha. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Samia Gamal Talks About Farid al-Atrache in an Interview. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Samia Reminisces About the Ramadan Iftar She Held for Hollywood Friends. Guests included Spencer Tracy, Rhonda Fleming, Jane Powell, Arlene Orcia, Robert Taylor, and George Marshall.
• Samia Gamal Models Spring Fashions. In 1949 issue of Kawakeb Magazine.
• Van Leo: Photographer to the Stars. Photos by the legendary photographer featuring many Golden-Era dancers. Collected by Priscilla Adum.
• Rushdy Abaza: The Don Juan of Egyptian Cinema. Includes information about Rushdy Abaza's marriage to Samia Gamal. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Samia Gamal performs in a scene from the movie Sigarah wa Kass (A Glass and a Cigarette).

Shafiqa el-Koptiyya

• Shafiqa el-Koptiyya: The Dancer Whose Horses Drank Champagne. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Shafiqa el-Koptiyya or Not? What do YOU think? Translated by Priscilla Adum.

Taheya Carioca

• Taheya Carioca Interviewed by Mona Gaabr and Samia Gamal Interviewed by Tarik Habib. Translated by Mahmoud Sami.
• Onscreen Special About the Documentary Carioca. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Taheya Carioca: Dancing as Oum Kalthoum Sang. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Taheya or Soheir? Similar Legends, Which Are True?
• Taheya Carioca? Or Karioka, Carioka, Karioca, Karyuka, Caryoka or Karruka? By Priscilla Adum. The correct way to spell Taheya's stage name, and the reasons behind it.
• Houriya Mohamed: Taheya Carioca's Arch-Rival. By Priscilla Adum. The competition, the cat fights, and the sabotage!
• Taheya and Badia Feeding the Chickens. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Rushdy Abaza: The Don Juan of Egyptian Cinema. Includes information about Rushdy Abaza's marriage to Taheya Carioca. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• 1936 Newspaper Ad for Khafir el-Darak. Taheya Carioca's first performance of raqs sharqi in cinema. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• 1949 Taheya Carioca and Friends at the Exposition. Translated by Priscilla Adum. Taheya attends the Sixteenth Industrial and Agricultural Exhibition with several friends.
• 1949 Ad with Taheya Carioca Endorsing Skin Soap. Photo and translation.
• Plot Synopsis for Episode 1 of the Carioca 30-Part Television Series. Summarizes the story line of the opening episode for the series that was broadcast on satellite television during Ramadan in 2012.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Taheya Carioca dances in a scene from the movie Shatie al-Gharam (Shore of Love).

Zeinat Olwi

• About Zeinat Olwi. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

Zouba el-Klobatiyya

• Yousef El Sherif Discusses Zouba el-Klobatiyya. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Lucy Talks About Zouba el-Klobatiyya. Translated by Priscilla Adum.

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The Working World

• Stage Names of Egyptian Actresses. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Foreign Dancers in Egypt. Find out which dancers from around the world spent time working in Egypt.
• Working in the Middle East. Sabriye Tekbilek describes her experiences as a dancer working in the Middle East.
• Dancers' Performance Prevented at 2012 Wedding. Raising concerns in Egypt about self-appointed morality vigilantes.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Sabriye Tekbilek performs at the Khaleej Palace Hotel in Dubai, United Arab Emirates.

Ancient Times

• What Is Pharaonic Dance? What does it mean when a dancer says she performs "Pharaonic" dance, and where can you see performances of it?
• Naked Belly Dance in Ancient Egypt, Part 1: Are They Really Belly Dancing? By Andrea Deagon.
• Naked Belly Dance in Ancient Egypt, Part 2: Are They Really Naked? By Andrea Deagon.
• Bible Verses About Dance.

Medieval Times

• The Qiyan: the Singers, Poets, Dancers, and Courtesans of Medieval Iraq. By Miftin al-Hadithi.
• Aesthetics and Types of Dances in the Medieval Middle East. Translated by George Sawa.

Recent Centuries

• Did Napoleon Really Behead 400 Ghawazee? By Ivor.
• The Dancer of Esna. By William H. Peck.
• Imagining Movement: Orientalist Paintings & Photographs of Middle Eastern Dancers. By Kristen D. Windmuller.
• Exposition Universelle 1900 in IRIS Magazine. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Farewell to the El Gandoul Nightclub on Pyramid Street. Historic club demolished in July 2011. By Priscilla Adum.
• Of Ballet and Belly Dancing. By Shira.
• Men Cross-Dressing as Women in Middle Eastern Dance. When and where men in the Middle East performed dressed as women.
• Fact Or Fantasy? Which Belly Dance Urban Legends Should You Believe? By Shira.
• Casino Opera Photo. Photo by Captain Charles M. Cook.
• 1938 Newspaper Interview with Badia Masabni. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• Tahtib and Egyptian Raqs al-Assaya: From Martial Art to Performing Art. By Shira.

Folkloric Styles

Reda Troupe

• Origins of Reda Troupe Dances. Based on a July, 2006 interview with Mahmoud Reda.
  • Part 1: Beginnings. By Shira.
  • Part 2: Researching Folklore and Bringing It to Stage. By Shira.
  • Part 3: Costuming. By Shira.
  • Part 4: Music. By Shira.
  • Part 5: Melaya Leff. By Shira.
  • Part 6: Saidi. By Shira.
  • Part 7: Hagalla. By Shira.
  • Part 8: Nubian. By Shira.
  • Part 9: Fellahin. By Shira.
  • Part 10: Qalb fil-Robabikia. By Shira.
  • Part 11: The Reda Troupe Movies. By Shira.
  • Part 12: Other Dance Notes. By Shira.

Other Folklore Topics

• Heritage and Innovation: An Interview with Mohanned Hawaz. By Amani Jabril. Placed online August 21, 2020.
• Fellahi Dance: What Is It? By Shira.
• Tahtib and Egyptian Raqs al-Assaya: From Martial Art to Performing Art. By Shira.

• March, 2012: Dancers Organize a March to Oust Egyptian President Morsi. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• A Dance For The Whole Family
• Middle Eastern Dance: The Spiritual Connection
• Why the Fuss Over Egyptian Style Music & Oriental Dance?
• Egyptian Movies With Dance Scenes
• Baladi. By Hossam Ramzy.
• Raqs Sharqi Dancers Reject Wahda We Nos Dancers.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Ghawazee dancers, circa 1920.

Society

• In Search of the Origins of Dance: Real History, or Fragments of Ourselves? By Andrea Deagon.
• Feminism & Belly Dance. By Andrea Deagon.
• A Dance By Any Other Name. By Shira.
• Belly Questions. By Shira.
• Belly Dancing - Isn't That Like Stripping? (Why They Ask). By Shira.
• Middle Eastern Dance and the Internet
• Dance of the Seven Veils

Media

• Exposition Universelle 1900 in IRIS Magazine. Translated by Priscilla Adum.
• That "Snake Charmer" Song. By Shira.
• Fatima's Coochee-Coochee Dance (1896): A Film by Thomas Edison. By Marilee Nugent ("Venus").
• Lady Liberty - What's in a Face? By Dahni.
• Imagining Movement: Orientalist Paintings & Photographs of Middle Eastern Dancers. By Kristen D. Windmuller.
• The Image of the Eastern Dancer: Flaubert's Salomé. By Andrea Deagon.
• Mass Media, Mass Stereotypes. By Shira.
• Maria's List of Belly Dance and Middle Eastern Themes in the Media
  • Movies, Part 1: Movies produced in the USA.
  • Movies, Part 2: Movies produced in Europe.
  • Movies, Part 3: Everything else.
  • Television Shows.
• Cartoons with "Middle Eastern" Themes.
• Mini-Reviews
  • Movies made in North America or Europe with "Middle Eastern" Themes
  • Movies Made in Egypt with Raqs Sharqi Scenes
  • Television Shows with "Middle Eastern" Themes or Dance Scenes
• Dawlath Soliman: Dancing with a Gunshot Wound.

Knowledge

• A Glossary Of Middle Eastern Dance Terms
• "The Oldest Dance"? Really???
• Yes, But Is It History? By Brea Morgiane.
• Quiz
• Clip Art For Dancers
• Quotations About Dance

PHOTO CREDIT: Photo by Bill Corwin, San Jose, California, 1986.

• Books about the History of Oriental Dance

PHOTO CREDIT: Photo by Randolph Lynch, Redwood City, California.

• Styles Of Belly Dance In The United States
  • Part 1: Introduction, Overview, Historical Perspective
  • Part 2: Troupe/Solo, Choreography/Improvisation, Structure
  • Part 3: Veil Work, Finger Cymbals, The Music, Type of Dance Moves, The Costume, Performance Venues, Props, Other Dance Styles
• What Is Pharaonic Dance? By Shira.
• Naked Belly Dance in Ancient Egypt, Part 1: Are They Really Belly Dancing? By Andrea Deagon. Part 1 of this article.
• Naked Belly Dance in Ancient Egypt, Part 2: Are They Really Naked? By Andrea Deagon. Part 2 of this article.
• Of Ballet and Belly Dancing.
• Fellahi Dance: What Is It? By Shira.
• History of Tray Dancing in North America. By Shira.

ABOUT THE PHOTO: Photo of Arabella wearing a Pharaonic costume that she made.